Wednesday, December 16, 2009

On the morning of December 7, 1941, both the Honolulu Advertiser and the Honolulu Star-Bulletin ran ads reminding readers there were only 17 more shopping days until Christmas. The Christmas lights were strung on the streets downtown. The “Christmas tree ship” was expected to dock that Friday.

But by that night, everything changed. The Christmas tree lights were taken down by city workers, stores were closed, school Christmas plays were cancelled, and a government-imposed curfew was in effect. The only semblence of normalcy was the ring of Salvation Army volunteers. (Hawaii War Years by Gwen Allen)

In San Francisco, the first shipload of evacuees from Hawaii landed on Christmas Day. Some of them were new widows of men killed in the December 7, 1941 attack. Some of them hadn’t heard from their husbands and could only wonder if the men were alive or not.


The poinsettia plants intended to decorate homes and gardens, were given up and placed on temporary graves of fallen sailors and soldiers. The Christmas tree ship never arrived. There are some reports that the ship was attacked by Imperial Navy submarines near Oregon and sunk and drowned trees littered the West Coast for months. That article was in the Star-Bulletin, December 20, 1996. But there are other references (unfortunately, I don’t have the citations) that a storm hit the Oregon coast, causing the ship to loose its cargo. No matter what the reason, there were no “real” Christmas trees in Hawaii that year. People cut down the Norfolk pine-looking trees in their back yards; they decorated strawberry guava branches and red hibiscus plants.

Mrs. Charles Gregory placed a guava branch in a pot and lined the base with glass balls and decorated the branches with fishnets. Mrs. Peggy Kai gilded shells, eucalyptus seeds and coconut buds then hung them on red and green ti plants. Mrs. Harold Stearns painted various sizes of mailing tubes green then arranged them to look like a pipe organ.

There were quite a few inventive solutions to the Christmas tree problem. Mrs. Issack Cox took a dried palm branch from the trash and decorated it. She strung yarn for garland, and trimmed the tree with Christmas balls, colored tin icicles and Hawaiian holly berries. Mrs. Caroline Peterson took chicken wire and shaped it like a Christmas tree and covered it with air plants. She claimed that her tree “will sprout air roots and have a fuzzy aura.” And, Mrs. Elsie Das made the palm Christmas tree in the photo.

When I asked my dear friend, the late Toni DeMello about a Christmas tree she said she vaguely remembered some people painting empty rolls of wrapping paper and nailing them to scrap lumber and others putting paper loops or orange hala fruit on ti leaf plants.

She better remembers being quite upset about not getting a specific kind of doll for Christmas. It was a popular doll that year, and quickly sold out on island. Unknowing to her, her parents had an order in for it. But, after the attack, ships bound for Hawaii had room to carry troops and ammunition, there was no space for dolls. Toni said, “I had to wait for two years to get the doll.”


But there was more than holiday inconvenience to deal with that year. On December 24, 1941, the newspapers reported the attack on Wake Island by the Japanese. The diary of a high school girl named “Ginger” for Christmas Eve reads:

“Wake Island was lost to the Japs. Merry Christmas . . . Ha! Had our presents today, instead of tomorrow. I got a Chinese doll, a panda, a cute little bridesmaid doll, a little candle holder & candle, a large box of candy, lipstick, evening comb, inlaid wood chest, wood dog, and a slip.

“Had an air raid alarm. Lasted half an hour, but was only a drill, I guess.

“Marie finally called. [Marie is her classmate.] She doesn't know whether she is going to have to leave or not. I called Gaye and thanked her for the lipstick.
The Christmas entry mentions her friends [family members of military men] being forced to evacuate.

"Merry Christmas again. Kay called to . . . tell me Patsy was sailing this afternoon. She called again a half hour later to say 'Good-bye'. She'd been ordered out this noon, too. About an hour later we were called and told to be at pier 20 at 3:00 o'clock. Bill and Lloyd [Ginger's brothers]were in town trying to sell Bill's car, so Mom told them we couldn't possibly make it. Darn it, now we'll have to sit around and wait some more. Hope we get more warning next time. Wonder what we'll go on now. Those were the three best boats in today. All my pals have left me! Boo Hoo. (http://www.gingersdiary.com/diary6.html)

Christmas dinners were modest that year. Civilians were dealing with long lines at grocery stores, food rationing and the scarcity of "luxury items" to make holiday dinners. However, the ships' reserves at Ford Island still had food enough to provide a banquet for the sailors on that first war-Christmas. Here’s the menu from the U.S.S. Pennsylvania, Christmas 1941.



The nurses and Red Cross volunteers tried to bring Christmas to the hospitals. There were over 1200 military personnel wounded on December 7, and most of them were still in Hawaii.

It was a tough year.

Sailors on the island swamped the stores in Waikiki, buying gifts for loved ones and friends. “It was like they were dumping their money everywhere and anywhere before they went off to war.”
Velvet pillows embroidered with “Mother” over a Diamond Head silhouette were popular, as were engraved lockets.

In 1941, there were no midnight masses in Catholic Churches—there was a curfew in place. Anyone who went to a family member’s home for dinner stayed the night, for the same reason. Once the sun went down, no unnecessary travel was allowed. However, for most people, Christmas day was a work day—a forerunner of many holidays when the military government decreed business as usual. Defense workers worked around the clock, bus drivers, telephone operators, medical personnel standing twelve-hour shifts. Packages from the mainland were delayed, some into February.

1942 was much better, but there was still a prohibition against importing Christmas trees. That year the schools were open and art teachers on Oahu put on a joint display of “improved green symbols for the Yule season.” (Honolulu Advertiser, December 13, 1942) At Washington Intermediate School, Rita Howe, a home economics teacher, arranged an exhibit of her students’ trees. Trees were made from “banyan tree branches, rolled newspaper, and Norfolk pine trees.”

1943 was easier yet. Trees reappeared, the curfew rules were relaxed, ships began bringing in some commercial goods including toys. But it would not be until Christmas of 1945, that Oahu would have a Peaceful Holiday.

Merry Christmas to all.

Sunday, December 13, 2009

Calling the war "World War II"


Within days after the attack on the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, the press was using the term “9-11.” It was a play on the date of the attack, September 11, 2001, and the emergency call number of 911.
I never thought about how wars get named. I remember reading that World War I was first referred to as “The War to End All Wars” in the United States, and it was called “The Great War” in England. But I wondered when did “World War I” become the first in a series of two World Wars?

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term "World War” was first used in the book, The First World War: A Photographic History, edited by playwright and war veteran Laurence Stallings. The book was published in 1933, almost16 years after the war ended.

Time magazine claims it coined the term “World War I” six years after that in its issue of June 12, 1939.In that same issue, the term “a second world war" was used to describe the upcoming hostilities in Europe.

And the first time the exact phrase “World War II” was used was by Time on September 11, 1939. (I am not a conspiracy theorist, nor does the irony of the September 11 date pass me by.)

If Winston Churchill had his way, we would be calling it "The Unnecessary War." (In Churchill’s memoirs The Second World War, Volume I : The Gathering Storm published in 1948, he writes, “One day President Roosevelt told me that he was asking publicly for suggestions about what the war should be called. I said at once ‘The Unnecessary War.’”)

So, who really coined the term “World War II?” I don’t know. However, I did find out when and how the war became officially titled in the United States. The answer is in a joint letter signed by Secretary of War, James Forrestal and Secretary of the Navy, Henry L. Stimson. Once again, the September 11 date appears since the approval date for this name was September 11, 1945.

The full text of the letter follows:

The President

The White House

Dear Mr. President:


President Wilson, under date of July 31, 1919, addressed a letter to Secretary of War Baker which read, in part, as follows:

"It is hard to find a satisfactory 'official' name for the war but the best, I think, that has been suggested is 'The World War,' and I hope that your judgment will concur."

Subsequently, under date of October 7, 1919, War Department General Orders No. 115 directed:

"The war against the Central Powers of Europe, in which the United States has taken part, will hereafter be designated in all official communications and publications as 'The World War.'"

As a matter of simplicity and to insure uniform terminology, it is recommended that "World War II" be the officially designated name for the present war covering all theaters and the entire period of hostilities.

The term "World War II" has been used in at least seven public laws to designate this period of hostilities. Analysis of publications and radio programs indicates that this term has been accepted by common usage.

If this recommendation is approved it is further recommended that the title "World War II" be published in the Federal Register as the official name of the present war. [See 10 Federal Register 1188.]

Respectfully yours,

HENRY L. STIMSON,

Secretary of War


JAMES FORRESTAL,

Secretary of the Navy.

Approved: September 11, 1945 HARRY S. TRUMAN


Source: United States, Department of State, Bulletin (Government Printing Office, Washington, 1945), XIII, 427-428.

The references in Time magazine are: “World War II began last week at 5:20 a. m. (Polish time) Friday, September 1, when a German bombing plane dropped a projectile on Puck, fishing village and air base in the armpit of the Hel Peninsula.” Article, World War: Grey Friday. Time, September 11, 1939.

Photo Source: National Archives.